There are 2 parts to this assignment each part needs a small paragraph discussing about each assignment.)

1.Fairness of Identification Procedures CJ 7 D

·

Introduction

The rights to counsel and to due process apply in lineups, showups, and photographic identification, but the rights to protection against unreasonable searches and seizures and self-incrimination do not. In Neil v. Biggers (1972), the Court determined that identification procedures must be fair. All three forms of identification have raised serious concerns among law and criminal justice professionals because of their proven unreliability. To determine whether the procedures applied are fair, courts must consider all the circumstances leading up to an identification.

Review the case of Neil v. Biggers. Then, locate a case on fairness in identification procedures.

In your main post:

·Summarize the key points of the Neil v. Biggers case.

·Explain the applicable law the court relied on in reaching its decision in your selected case.

·Describe the outcome in your selected case as it impacts fairness in identification cases.

·Explore which circumstances should be considered in determining fairness in the context of legal criminal procedure, from a criminal justice practitioner standpoint.

2.Violations of MirandaCJ 8 D

Introduction

In Missouri v. Seibert (2004), the Court held that giving the Miranda warning only after the police obtain an unwarned confession violates the Miranda rule. As a result of this decision, statements made after the Miranda warning is given are not admissible even if these statements repeat those given before the Miranda warning was read to the suspect. In an earlier case, Oregon v. Elstad, the Court admitted a confession obtained after the police gave the Miranda warning—even though the suspect had previously made statements before the warning was given.

Imagine you are a police officer investigating a domestic violence case. You received a call that a man hit his wife in the face with a closed fist, causing injury. You arrived at the scene and locate the suspect in question. You handcuff him and put him in the back of your patrol car. You ask him if he hit his wife in the face. He states to you that he just “lost control” and did not mean to hurt her. He tells you that he is sorry for hitting her and will never do it again.

Once at the police station, your sergeant tells you to make sure you get plenty of information in the confession statement from the suspect to put into the arrest report. You provide the suspect with his Miranda warning and ask him to go into detail about the incident and him losing control. He tells you the whole story from the beginning and again states that he had no intention of hurting his wife.

Instructions

For this discussion, locate a case on point with the Seibert or Elstad case.

In your main post:

·Analyze admissibility of the suspect’s confessions in the scenario provided before and after Miranda warning was given to the suspect.

·Determine whether the ruling in the case you researched aligns or conflicts with Seibert or Elstad.

·Articulate whether you agree with the court’s rationale regarding the admissibility of statements made by a suspect in your selected case, and why.

·Explore how you feel the Miranda warning would impact your decision making if you were a police officer.

Assignment 1: Should the U.S. Convert to a Zero Personal Income Tax?

Due Week 7 and worth 280 points

In a recent news article located at http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/heres-where-your-federal-income-tax-dollars-go-f654971, NBC News reported that the U.S. Government spends $3.6 trillion per year to fund Social Security, Medicare, homeland defense and safety, education, transportation, and the interest on debt obligations. In spite of the services and benefits that the government provides, many taxpayers dread paying income taxes but consider them a necessary evil. Consequently, there is much debate about the inequities contained within the tax code, due to tax shelters and tax credits provided to some taxpayers which thereby increase the tax burden on others.

Using the Internet or Strayer Library, research one (1) country that has a zero income tax rate.

Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:

1. Analyze the way in which the one (1) country that you have researched provides services and benefits to its citizens without collecting personal income taxes.
2. For the country that you have chosen, determine whether or not the U.S. could adopt their taxation model without reducing its total amount of revenue generated by collecting personal income taxes from individuals and business. Justify your response.
3. Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of the U.S. adopting a zero income tax model. Provide a rationale for your response.
4. Create a proposal for where the revenue would be derived if the U.S. were to adopt a zero income tax model. In your response, provide specific recommendations concerning the following:
   1. The proposed tax base.
   2. Whether or not tax payers at certain income levels should be exempt from taxation.
   3. The primary way in which the IRS would calculate the tax rate in order to ensure that the same level of tax revenue would still be collected.
   4. The primary way in which your plan will achieve equity.
5. Speculate on the primary way in which the federal government could make up any shortfalls if it does not collect its targeted revenue from personal income taxes, and ascertain the most significant way in which the U.S. Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, can still adhere to its fiscal and monetary policies. Justify your response.
6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

• Examine the types of taxes imposed at the federal, state, and local levels; the federal tax formula; and the rules for arriving at personal and dependency exemptions.
• Analyze the concepts of gross income and distinguish between the economic, accounting, and tax concepts of gross income and strategies to minimize gross income, maximize deductions, and minimize disallowance of deductions
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in federal taxation.
• Write clearly and concisely about federal taxation using proper writing mechanics.Assignment 1: Should the U.S. Convert to a Zero Personal Income Tax?
  Due Week 7 and worth 280 points
  In a recent news article located at
  http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/heres-where-your-federal-income-tax-dollars-go-f654971, NBC News reported that the U.S. Government spends $3.6 trillion per year to fund Social Security, Medicare, homeland defense and safety, education, transportation, and the interest on debt obligations. In spite of the services and benefits that the government provides, many taxpayers dread paying income taxes but consider them a necessary evil. Consequently, there is much debate about the inequities contained within the tax code, due to tax shelters and tax credits provided to some taxpayers which thereby increase the tax burden on others.
  Using the Internet or Strayer Library, research one (1) country that has a zero income tax rate.
  Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
  1. Analyze the way in which the one (1) country that you have researched provides services and benefits to its citizens without collecting personal income taxes.
  2. For the country that you have chosen, determine whether or not the U.S. could adopt their taxation model without reducing its total amount of revenue generated by collecting personal income taxes from individuals and business. Justify your response.
  3. Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of the U.S. adopting a zero income tax model. Provide a rationale for your response.
  4. Create a proposal for where the revenue would be derived if the U.S. were to adopt a zero income tax model. In your response, provide specific recommendations concerning the following:
     1. The proposed tax base.
     2. Whether or not tax payers at certain income levels should be exempt from taxation.
     3. The primary way in which the IRS would calculate the tax rate in order to ensure that the same level of tax revenue would still be collected.
     4. The primary way in which your plan will achieve equity.
  5. Speculate on the primary way in which the federal government could make up any shortfalls if it does not collect its targeted revenue from personal income taxes, and ascertain the most significant way in which the U.S. Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, can still adhere to its fiscal and monetary policies. Justify your response.
  6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
  Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
  The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
  • Examine the types of taxes imposed at the federal, state, and local levels; the federal tax formula; and the rules for arriving at personal and dependency exemptions.
  • Analyze the concepts of gross income and distinguish between the economic, accounting, and tax concepts of gross income and strategies to minimize gross income, maximize deductions, and minimize disallowance of deductions
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in federal taxation.
  • Write clearly and concisely about federal taxation using proper writing mechanics.Assignment 1: Should the U.S. Convert to a Zero Personal Income Tax?
    Due Week 7 and worth 280 points
    In a recent news article located at
    http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/heres-where-your-federal-income-tax-dollars-go-f654971, NBC News reported that the U.S. Government spends $3.6 trillion per year to fund Social Security, Medicare, homeland defense and safety, education, transportation, and the interest on debt obligations. In spite of the services and benefits that the government provides, many taxpayers dread paying income taxes but consider them a necessary evil. Consequently, there is much debate about the inequities contained within the tax code, due to tax shelters and tax credits provided to some taxpayers which thereby increase the tax burden on others.
    Using the Internet or Strayer Library, research one (1) country that has a zero income tax rate.
    Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
    1. Analyze the way in which the one (1) country that you have researched provides services and benefits to its citizens without collecting personal income taxes.
    2. For the country that you have chosen, determine whether or not the U.S. could adopt their taxation model without reducing its total amount of revenue generated by collecting personal income taxes from individuals and business. Justify your response.
    3. Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of the U.S. adopting a zero income tax model. Provide a rationale for your response.
    4. Create a proposal for where the revenue would be derived if the U.S. were to adopt a zero income tax model. In your response, provide specific recommendations concerning the following:
       1. The proposed tax base.
       2. Whether or not tax payers at certain income levels should be exempt from taxation.
       3. The primary way in which the IRS would calculate the tax rate in order to ensure that the same level of tax revenue would still be collected.
       4. The primary way in which your plan will achieve equity.
    5. Speculate on the primary way in which the federal government could make up any shortfalls if it does not collect its targeted revenue from personal income taxes, and ascertain the most significant way in which the U.S. Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, can still adhere to its fiscal and monetary policies. Justify your response.
    6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
    Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
    • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
    • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
    The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
    • Examine the types of taxes imposed at the federal, state, and local levels; the federal tax formula; and the rules for arriving at personal and dependency exemptions.
    • Analyze the concepts of gross income and distinguish between the economic, accounting, and tax concepts of gross income and strategies to minimize gross income, maximize deductions, and minimize disallowance of deductions
    • Use technology and information resources to research issues in federal taxation.
    • Write clearly and concisely about federal taxation using proper writing mechanics.Assignment 1: Should the U.S. Convert to a Zero Personal Income Tax?
      Due Week 7 and worth 280 points
      In a recent news article located at
      http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/heres-where-your-federal-income-tax-dollars-go-f654971, NBC News reported that the U.S. Government spends $3.6 trillion per year to fund Social Security, Medicare, homeland defense and safety, education, transportation, and the interest on debt obligations. In spite of the services and benefits that the government provides, many taxpayers dread paying income taxes but consider them a necessary evil. Consequently, there is much debate about the inequities contained within the tax code, due to tax shelters and tax credits provided to some taxpayers which thereby increase the tax burden on others.
      Using the Internet or Strayer Library, research one (1) country that has a zero income tax rate.
      Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
      1. Analyze the way in which the one (1) country that you have researched provides services and benefits to its citizens without collecting personal income taxes.
      2. For the country that you have chosen, determine whether or not the U.S. could adopt their taxation model without reducing its total amount of revenue generated by collecting personal income taxes from individuals and business. Justify your response.
      3. Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of the U.S. adopting a zero income tax model. Provide a rationale for your response.
      4. Create a proposal for where the revenue would be derived if the U.S. were to adopt a zero income tax model. In your response, provide specific recommendations concerning the following:
         1. The proposed tax base.
         2. Whether or not tax payers at certain income levels should be exempt from taxation.
         3. The primary way in which the IRS would calculate the tax rate in order to ensure that the same level of tax revenue would still be collected.
         4. The primary way in which your plan will achieve equity.
      5. Speculate on the primary way in which the federal government could make up any shortfalls if it does not collect its targeted revenue from personal income taxes, and ascertain the most significant way in which the U.S. Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, can still adhere to its fiscal and monetary policies. Justify your response.
      6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
      Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
      • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
      • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
      The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
      • Examine the types of taxes imposed at the federal, state, and local levels; the federal tax formula; and the rules for arriving at personal and dependency exemptions.
      • Analyze the concepts of gross income and distinguish between the economic, accounting, and tax concepts of gross income and strategies to minimize gross income, maximize deductions, and minimize disallowance of deductions
      • Use technology and information resources to research issues in federal taxation.
      • Write clearly and concisely about federal taxation using proper writing mechanics.Assignment 1: Should the U.S. Convert to a Zero Personal Income Tax?
        Due Week 7 and worth 280 points
        In a recent news article located at
        http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/heres-where-your-federal-income-tax-dollars-go-f654971, NBC News reported that the U.S. Government spends $3.6 trillion per year to fund Social Security, Medicare, homeland defense and safety, education, transportation, and the interest on debt obligations. In spite of the services and benefits that the government provides, many taxpayers dread paying income taxes but consider them a necessary evil. Consequently, there is much debate about the inequities contained within the tax code, due to tax shelters and tax credits provided to some taxpayers which thereby increase the tax burden on others.
        Using the Internet or Strayer Library, research one (1) country that has a zero income tax rate.
        Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
        1. Analyze the way in which the one (1) country that you have researched provides services and benefits to its citizens without collecting personal income taxes.
        2. For the country that you have chosen, determine whether or not the U.S. could adopt their taxation model without reducing its total amount of revenue generated by collecting personal income taxes from individuals and business. Justify your response.
        3. Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of the U.S. adopting a zero income tax model. Provide a rationale for your response.
        4. Create a proposal for where the revenue would be derived if the U.S. were to adopt a zero income tax model. In your response, provide specific recommendations concerning the following:
           1. The proposed tax base.
           2. Whether or not tax payers at certain income levels should be exempt from taxation.
           3. The primary way in which the IRS would calculate the tax rate in order to ensure that the same level of tax revenue would still be collected.
           4. The primary way in which your plan will achieve equity.
        5. Speculate on the primary way in which the federal government could make up any shortfalls if it does not collect its targeted revenue from personal income taxes, and ascertain the most significant way in which the U.S. Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, can still adhere to its fiscal and monetary policies. Justify your response.
        6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
        Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
        • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
        • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
        The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
        • Examine the types of taxes imposed at the federal, state, and local levels; the federal tax formula; and the rules for arriving at personal and dependency exemptions.
        • Analyze the concepts of gross income and distinguish between the economic, accounting, and tax concepts of gross income and strategies to minimize gross income, maximize deductions, and minimize disallowance of deductions
        • Use technology and information resources to research issues in federal taxation.
        • Write clearly and concisely about federal taxation using proper writing mechanics.Assignment 1: Should the U.S. Convert to a Zero Personal Income Tax?
          Due Week 7 and worth 280 points
          In a recent news article located at
          http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/heres-where-your-federal-income-tax-dollars-go-f654971, NBC News reported that the U.S. Government spends $3.6 trillion per year to fund Social Security, Medicare, homeland defense and safety, education, transportation, and the interest on debt obligations. In spite of the services and benefits that the government provides, many taxpayers dread paying income taxes but consider them a necessary evil. Consequently, there is much debate about the inequities contained within the tax code, due to tax shelters and tax credits provided to some taxpayers which thereby increase the tax burden on others.
          Using the Internet or Strayer Library, research one (1) country that has a zero income tax rate.
          Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
          1. Analyze the way in which the one (1) country that you have researched provides services and benefits to its citizens without collecting personal income taxes.
          2. For the country that you have chosen, determine whether or not the U.S. could adopt their taxation model without reducing its total amount of revenue generated by collecting personal income taxes from individuals and business. Justify your response.
          3. Suggest at least two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of the U.S. adopting a zero income tax model. Provide a rationale for your response.
          4. Create a proposal for where the revenue would be derived if the U.S. were to adopt a zero income tax model. In your response, provide specific recommendations concerning the following:
             1. The proposed tax base.
             2. Whether or not tax payers at certain income levels should be exempt from taxation.
             3. The primary way in which the IRS would calculate the tax rate in order to ensure that the same level of tax revenue would still be collected.
             4. The primary way in which your plan will achieve equity.
          5. Speculate on the primary way in which the federal government could make up any shortfalls if it does not collect its targeted revenue from personal income taxes, and ascertain the most significant way in which the U.S. Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, can still adhere to its fiscal and monetary policies. Justify your response.
          6. Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources.
          Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
          • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
          • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
          The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
          • Examine the types of taxes imposed at the federal, state, and local levels; the federal tax formula; and the rules for arriving at personal and dependency exemptions.
          • Analyze the concepts of gross income and distinguish between the economic, accounting, and tax concepts of gross income and strategies to minimize gross income, maximize deductions, and minimize disallowance of deductions
          • Use technology and information resources to research issues in federal taxation.
          • Write clearly and concisely about federal taxation using proper writing mechanics.

Excel spreadsheet is attached. In addition a 700 word explanation of the data. Below is the instructor requirements: Purpose of Assignment

The purpose of this assignment is to help you become familiar with the parts of the multiple‐step income statement.

Assignment Steps

Resources: Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making

Scenario: An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for Simon Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.

As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine the following facts:

1. Net sales consist of: sales $911,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $33,000, and sales returns and allowances $28,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $18,000 and rent revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $80,000, depreciation on equipment $10,000, advertising $13,000, and sales commissions $6,000. The commissions represent commissions paid. At December 21, $3,000 of commissions have been earned by salespersons but have not been paid. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $17,000, dividends $18,000, utilities $12,000, interest expense $2,000, and rent expense $24,000, which includes prepayments totaling $6,000 for the first quarter of 2018.

Prepare a detailed multi-step income statement with a brief explanation of 700 words. Assume a 25% tax rate.

Show your work on the Excel^® spreadsheet and submit with your explanation.

Jackson County judges try thousands of cases per year. In an overwhelming majority of the cases disposed, the verdict stands as rendered. However, some cases are appealed, and of those appealed, some of the cases are reversed. Jackie Chan of The Star Tribune conducted a study of cases handled by Jackson County judges over a three-year period. In the Excel file, Judges, linked at the bottom of the page, are the results for the 182,908 cases handled (disposed) by 40 judges in Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relations Court, and Municipal Court.

The purpose of the newspaper’s study was to evaluate the performance of the judges. The newspaper wanted to know which judges were doing a good job and which ones were making too many mistakes. You are to assist in the data analysis by using your knowledge of probability and conditional probability to help with the ranking of each of the judges, as well as each court.

Managerial Report
Prepare a report (see below) with your ranking of the judges based on the probabilities and conditional probabilities, as well as the analysis of each court. Include the following seven (7) items in table format to support your ranking. Be sure to use five (5) decimal places for your probabilities in the table, as some of them will be quite small.

1. The probability of cases being appealed in each of the three different courts.
2. The probability of cases being reversed in each of the three different courts.
3. The probability of cases being reversed given an appeal in each of the three different courts.
4. The probability of a case being appealed for each judge.
5. The probability of a case being reversed for each judge.
6. The probability of reversal, given an appeal for each judge.
7. Rank the judges within each court for each of the probabilities in 4 – 6. In other words, only rank the judges in the Common Pleas court against the other judges in the Common Pleas court. perfrom the same analysis for the other two courts. Then, within each court, find the sum of the ranks and get an overall ranking for each judge. Evaluate and discuss the meaning of your results. Use tables, charts, graphs, or visual dashboards to support your findings.

Your report must contain the following:

• A title page in APA style.
• An introduction that summarizes the problem.
• The body of the paper should answer the questions posed in the problem by communicating the results of your analysis. Include results of calculations, as well as charts and graphs, where appropriate.
• A conclusion paragraph that addresses your findings and what you have determined from the data and your analysis.

Submit your Excel file in addition to your report.