Discuss the assumptions of parametric statistical testing versus the assumptions of nonparametric tests. Describe the differences in the distributions of the data. Discuss when a researcher would select a nonparametric approach and when they would select parametric tests for their dataset. Does it matter what type of variables have been collected in the dataset?

Describe the three core principles of biomedical research ethics of respect for persons, beneficence, and distributive justice. Consider how this is a framework for the informed consent process including confidentiality, privacy, cultural considerations, and vulnerable populations.

ETHICS is “social norms for conduct that distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable behavior”. Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it educates and monitors scientists conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard (Shah, 2011).

The core of ethical principles are having the best practice without harm when we dealing with individuals with justice (Flite & Harman, 2013).

 

The Nuremberg Code is the most important document in the history of the ethics of medical research. The Code was formulated 50 years ago, in August 1947, in Nuremberg, Germany, by American judges sitting in judgment of Nazi doctors accused of conducting murderous and torturous human experiments in the concentration camps (the so-called Doctors’ Trial). It served as a blueprint for today’s principles that ensure the rights of subjects in medical research (Shuster, 1997).

According to David & Resnik (2011), a summary of some ethical principles:

• Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
• Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
• Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
• Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
• Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
• Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.
• Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
• Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
• Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
• Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
• Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
• Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
• Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
• Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
• Animal Care: Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
• Human Subjects Protection: When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks, and maximize benefits, respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

 

How could this situation be remedied to ensure researchers respect their obligations to participants in future research?

The dilemmas faced today require interdisciplinary ethical collaboration with clinicians, administrators, ethicists, lawyers, policymakers, accreditation agencies, patients, and patients’ advocates. There is no linear path that can predict the requirements of each new Code of ethics. It is important for professionals who work on each Code of ethics to be aware of the changes in the political, social, and healthcare environment that may need to be addressed in the principles and guidelines for action ( Flite & Harman, 2013).

 

 

Create an Annotated Bibliography, writing a three- to five-sentence summary of each article from the 10 references listed bellow

 

1.     Allen, L. N. (2020). Implementation of non-communicable disease policies: a geopolitical analysis of 151 countries. The Lancet Global Health, 8(1), e50-e58.Alwan, A. (2018). Global status report on Non-communicable diseases in 2010. World Health Organization.

2.     Bloom, D. E. (2012). The global economic burden of non-communicable diseases (No. 8712). Program on the Global Demography of Aging

3.     Dambah, C. (2015) Non-communicable disease risk factors and mobile phones: A proposed research plan. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438453/

4.     Hunter, D. J., & Reddy, K. S. (2018). Non-communicable diseases. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(14), 1336-1343.

5.     Goiana-da-Silva, F (2018) Developmental origins of non-communicable disease: Population and public health implications. (2011, April 27). OUP Academic. https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/94/suppl_6/1754S/4597866

6.     Kim, H. C. (2018). Non-communicable diseases: Current status of major modifiable risk factors in Korea. Journal of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, 46(4), 165-172. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.165

7.     Lawson, X.C. (2019) Mitigation of non-communicable diseases in developing countries with community health workers. https://doi.org.globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/

8.     Lee, I. M. & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2017). Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of disease and life expectancy burden. The Lancet, 380(9838), 219-229.

9.     Nicholson (2017).Global research priorities for non-communicable diseases prevention, management, and control (2017) https://doi.ijncd.org/article.asp?issn=246

10.  Yeng B.Y. (2017) Agent-based modeling of non-communicable diseases: A systematic review. (n.d.). PubMed Central (PMC). https://doi ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330820/

 

·       There should be a title page and then these sources should be listed according APA guidelines as they would be on a reference page.

 

·       For Each individual reference listed above followed by the corresponding summary (DON’T include the whole reference name just the title+ writer name in the paper context ).you can number the reference and just write reference no followed by the summary 

Look for relevant literature on a topic of interest to you paying attention to the methods of collecting and analyzing data and ethical research practices.

 

·       This is an opportunity to practice synthesizing the author’s words. Do not use quotes; rather, put the author’s ideas into your own words. provide summaries for each of your articles.

 

The following resources will also help you with this assignment:

·       Annotated Bibliographies: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/annotated_bibliographies/index.html

·       General Format:

·       https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

 

 

Using the Framingham Heart Study dataset

you will compare the risk factors in men and women where you will use the following patient characteristics: age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, use of anti-hypertensive medication, current smoker, total serum cholesterol, mg/dL, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes, by determining the means for each risk factor.

Create a table that summarizes your results.

H0 The risk factors for heart disease listed as patient characteristics are not related to if the patient is male or female in the Framingham Heart Study. (Null Hypothesis) H1 The risk factors for heart disease listed as patient characteristics are related to if the patient is male or female in the Framingham Heart Study. (Alternative Hypothesis)

Steps of R Studio Analysis shown on page 67 in Introductory Statistics with R.

Steps of Excel Analysis

To conduct your analysis of the data sort the data by the Sex/Gender variable and sort by smallest to largest.

Compute the means and standard deviations for continuous variables using AVERAGE(range) and STDEV(range) functions – Compute n(%) for dichotomous variables using COUNT(range) and COUNTIF (range, criteria) functions modifying ranges accordingly.

Present your findings by cutting and pasting your results table in a Word document that includes:

–  title page, 

– introduction, 

– a discussion where you interpret the meaning of the table

 – conclusion should be included. 

Your submission should be 3 pages to discuss and display your findings.

Provide support for your statements with in–text citations from a minimum of four scholarly, peer–reviewed articles. One of these sources may be from the class readings, textbook, or lectures, but the others must be external. 

 

Your paper must have

 

·       Introduction

·       involved all the description requirements

·       In text citation for each paragraph.

·       the date of references must be (recommend that you use more contemporary sources (last 5 years) not from provided materials

·       conclusion

Materials:

Sullivan, L. M. (2018). Essentials of biostatistics in public health (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett: Boston, MA. ISBN-13: 9781284108194 Salkind, N. J. (2016).

EXCEL statistics: A quick guide (3rd ed.). Sage. Dalgaard, P. (2008).

Introductory statistics with R (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN-13: 978-0387790534

Framingham Heart Study Dataset