Answer Clinical Application Questions 1-3 for Chapter 15 on page 450. Answers should be submitted in a word document with any associated references used.

1) On July 8, a woman was given an antibiotic for presumptive sinusitis. However, her condition worsened, and she was unable to eat for 4 days because of severe pain and tightness for the jaw. On July 12, she was admitted to a hospital with severe facial spasms. She reported that on July 5, she had incurred a puncture wound at the base of her big toe; she cleaned the wound but did not seek medical attention. What caused her symptoms? Was her condition due to an infection or an intoxication? Can she transmit this condition to another person?

2) Explain whether each of the following examples is a food infection or intoxication. What is the probable etiological agent in each case?

a) Eighty-two people who ate shrimp in Louisiana developed diarrhea, nausea, headache, and fever from 4 hours to 2 days after eating

b) Two people in Vermont who ate barracuda caught in florida developed malaise, nausea, blurred vision, breathing difficulty, and numbness 3 to 6 hours after eating.

3) Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are normally more susceptible to infections. However, a patient receiving an anti tumor drug that inhibited cell division was resistant to salmonella. Provide a possible mechanism for the resistance.

College Paper Writing Service-Nursing’s Impact on Legislation
Nursing’s Impact on Legislation
There are many political issues of interest to nursing ranging from societal issues, to moral/values issues, to regulatory issues. The beliefs and experiences of nurses lead to diverse opinions related to many of these political issues.
Consider the political issues described in your textbook. Examine the related ethical issues and how nursing could impact legislation.
Select an example from your reading this module, of a political issue that is also a health issue.

Discuss the political and health concerns surrounding the selected issue.
Identify the ethical issues that policy makers should be aware of when developing legislation about the selected issue.
Discuss the impact the nursing profession could have on this issue if nurses became familiar with the issue and reached out to policy makers.

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U2D1 – Reliable and Valid Program Evaluation

For this discussion, refer to your readings of Chapters 3 and 4 in Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement . Pay close attention to

question 5 on page 137.

Answer the following questions in your discussion post:

• What are the hallmarks of a reliable and valid evaluation that shows change over time?

◦ For example, how do you measure program effectiveness?

Readings

• Program Evaluation Life Cycle – read transcript

Use your Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement text to complete the following:

• Read Chapter 3.

◦ Pay attention to question 5 on page 137. The content this question addresses will be relevant for the first discussion in this unit.

• Read Chapter 4.

INTRODUCTION – Unit 2 – Program Evaluation: Quantitative Research Design

This unit continues your study of program evaluation. The activities will apply your new knowledge of research design to the evaluation of program

effectiveness.

OBJECTIVES

To successfully complete this learning unit, you will be expected to:

1. Explain strategies for measuring program effectiveness.

2. Understand variable level of measurement.

3. Explain the reliability and validity of measures.

4. Communicate through writing that is concise, balanced, and logically organized.

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Akosua has called you, Pharma Heal Corporation’s valued business consultant, for help in getting ready to meet with a United States senator. She requested a meeting with the senator because of actions taken by the European Union Council of Ministers, which may prove to be devastating to Pharma Heal Corporation’s business plan to import less costly pediatric HIV drugs manufactured by Pharma Heal Corporation into the European Union. These are intended for distribution to the over 20,000 African, sub-Saharan, and Asian undocumented immigrants who arrive in Southern Europe each year. The EU measure imposes a 100% tax on pediatric HIV drugs of whose country of origin is other than one within the European Union for a former colony of an EU member in Africa or Asia. Despite advance warning that such an action was under consideration by the EU, Akosua went ahead with her recommendation to the Pharma Heal Corporation board of directors to undertake substantial investments in facilities and personnel in the EU. She reasoned that EU would never go through with this measure because no World Trade Organization (WTO) member, she reasoned, would enact a measure that blatantly violated an international trade treaty. In particular, Akosua believes this is a blatant violation of the antidiscrimination provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) known as the national treatment rule, and she asserts the aim-and-effect of the EU tax is to discriminate against non-European immigrants. She has assembled a briefing book for the senator to review during their meeting. One integral item that she wants to present to the senator is a WTO ruling in a case that she believes shows unacceptable use of an internal tax in violation of GATT, WTO Appeal Report, and Article III: Japan – Taxes On Alcoholic Beverages (Report of the WTO Appellate Body, 1996). The senator is a former political science professor, but he is not a lawyer. Because Akosua’s time with the senator is limited, she has asked you to write a brief of the case (a synopsis that breaks the case down into important elements and translates them into language understandable to an individual who is not a lawyer). Akosua plans to insert your brief into the briefing book to permit the senator to review it and grasp the case quickly during her meeting with him. She has also asked you to include an impartial critique of the business decision to go forward with the project on her conviction that no WTO member would enact a measure that blatantly violated an international trade treaty.

Read the WTO report regarding Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages in the Willis text or in course materials. Prepare a case brief. Use course materials for more information on how to write a briefing. Most case briefs include the name of the case, the tribunal that decided it, a statement of the issue or issues to be decided by the tribunal, a statement of the relevant facts (in a way that helps to understand the context of the case and how it became the subject of litigation), a statement of the relevant rule(s) of law needed to resolve the issue, a statement of the court’s holding on each issue, and a statement of the steps of the court’s reasoning in applying the rule(s) to the facts to resolve each issue.

At the end of the brief, add a section entitled Observations, in which you evaluate for the senator how the WTO ruling may or may not apply in support of Akosua’s view of the EU’s actions in adopting the 100% tariff on pediatric HIV drugs whose country of origin is other than one within the EU or a former colony of an EU member in Africa or Asia. In the Observations section, you will also provide the critique of her recommendation of the EU project to the Pharma Heal Corporation’s Board.

Healthy People 2020 can be viewed as a strategic approach for improving the health of the US population over a ten-year timeline, applicable nationally, regionally, and in states, counties, cities and towns. … The Healthy People strategy was designed to define and promote a common sense of purpose and goals, with specific targets.
—JonathanFielding, Shiriki Kumanyika, & Ronald Manderscheid
The effects of the continuous effort of various health care reform initiatives to improve a population’s health are difficult to track, measure, sustain, and analyze, but evaluating the impact of changing guidelines and requirements is part of effective operational management. How are improvements aligned with an appropriate return on investment, and how can this be measured?

To prepare for this Discussion:

Read the three articles provided this week, and reflect on how these initiatives have impacted health care organizations.

Post a cohesive response to the following:

Describe how health care reform initiatives and mandates have impacted your organization. What changes in operations have been made in response to these initiatives? How well-organized were these changes? How have they offered measureable improvements in both clinical practice and performance? Explain how these improvements were a result of the reform initiative.

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